The male-specific Y-chromosome is shrinking at different rates across species — but there is no risk of men being extinct, says a new study.
The Y-chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes carried in males from most mammal species. It contains male-specific genes, including the testis determining gene, which triggers male sexual development.
An international team, led by the Australian National University, has discovered that a marsupial’s Y-chromosome is genetically denser than human Y-chromosome, meaning animals like the tammar wallaby are bounds ahead on “manliness” scale.
However, even though the Y-chromosome is shrinking, in this case size doesn’t matter, according to the study, led by Paul Waters, which analysed DNA samples from tammar wallabies and found more genes on the male chromosome than expected.
“There were lots of genes that we weren’t expecting to find. These genes have been lost from the Y-chromosome in placental mammals but for some reason they have been retained in marsupials.
“This means there are different rates of gene loss on the Y-chromosome across species,” he said.
Dr Waters said that researchers have known for some time that the Y-chromosome is losing genetic material.
“It’s shrinking. It gets physically smaller as it loses genes. The Y-chromosome can theoretically lose chunks at a time — 50 genes, 100 genes — depending on how big the deletion is.”
“When these genes are lost, the function they played is lost altogether. But genes will only be lost from the Y-chromosome if they no longer have a function of importance for males. If they do have some sort of male-specific role, such as in sperm production, they will be retained,” he said.
“Y-chromosomes have been completely lost in other species, such as in some rodents, and genes important for male development have moved somewhere else in the genome.”