Stem cells used to grow tiny liver, eye

[1]

Fireworks explode during the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Festival on Thursday.

Scientists in Japan claim to have developed a rudimentary human liver and a precursor of a human eyeball in the lab using stem cells; a feat they say could be a boon for the future organ replacement.
At Yokohama City University in Japan, a team led by stem cell biologist Takanori Takebe grew a small, rudimentary liver using a recipe of just three types of cells.
The trick was figuring out when to introduce each element into the mix of cells: “It took over a year and hundreds of trials,” LiveScience quoted Takebe as telling journal Nature.
First, the team placed genetically reprogrammed human skin cells, called “induced pluripotent stem cells,” on growth plates in a chemical bath. After nine days, the cells began developing into hepatocytes, or liver cells. At that point, the researchers added cells taken from an umbilical cord, which would develop into the lining of blood vessels, and cells from bone marrow that can differentiate into bone, cartilage or fat. Two days later, the cell assortment had self-organised to form a “liver bud” — a 5mm-wide chunk of tissue that performed basic liver functions. When they grafted the liver bud into a mouse, the team said the tiny organ’s blood vessels worked correctly and it successfully metabolised some drugs that human livers metabolise but which mouse livers cannot.
Takebe said a more developed version of the liver could eventually be used for long-term organ replacement, as well as serving as a short-term graft for patients whose damaged native livers are expected to recover.
Yoshiki Sasai and colleagues at the RIKEN Center for Develo-pmental Biology in Kobe, reported that they had managed to induce human stem cells called “retinal precursor cells” to develop into a vital component of the human eye called an optic cup. In a petri dish, the cells spontaneously bulged to form a bubble called an eye vesicle, which folded back on itself to create a half-millimeter-wide pouch layered with retinal cells.