Astronauts experience bone and muscle loss in the weightlessness of space, and now the first study of returning space travellers’ eyes suggests that prolonged amounts of time in orbit can take a significant toll on vision, although the long-term effects aren’t clear.
The new study, of more than 300 astronauts in the US space programme, found that almost 50 per cent of those who served on long missions — six months or more — reported experiencing new problems with their ability to see objects near to them while in space and for some time after returning to earth. Roughly 23 per cent of astronauts who spent shorter periods in orbit reported problems with their near vision during their missions and after getting home.
The Nasa-funded researchers also did physical exams on seven male astronauts who complained of vision problems after returning from six-month tours in space. They found several signs of eye stress in all of them, including a build-up of fluid around the optic nerve, the development of folds in the bed of vessels that supply blood to the retina, flattening of the eyeball and more.
“People have been flying in space for 50 years and nobody has gone blind yet,” said Dr Tom Mader, an ophthalmologist at the Alaska Native Medical Centre, in Anchorage, who led the study. “But it’s still something to be concerned about,” he said.
Mader said the effects may be due to increased pressure of the fluid surrounding the brain — the result of less gravity than on earth — that fails to drain well back into the body. But the precise mechanism is unclear.
It’s possible that the loss of gravity causes pressure around the optic nerve to spike, which can damage vision, Mader said. It’s also possible, however, that microgravity environments cause vision problems by lowering pressure in the eye, he added.
“It’s very hard for us at this point to define exactly what is causing all of this,” said Mader, whose group reported its findings in the journal Ophthalmology.
At least one of the seven astronauts examined in the study still displayed some of the documented physical eye changes more than five years after returning from space.
Of astronauts who completed post-flight surveys, a smaller number had problems with long-distance vision while in space — 6.6 per cent of those on short missions and 12 per cent on missions lasting more than six months.
Some 34 per cent of the astronauts on long missions and 11 per cent of those on short missions also reported “refraction” changes in their corrective lens requirements, although it’s not clear whether or how long those changes lasted after returning to earth.
Nasa is conducting follow-up studies, including research on the International Space Station, to pin down the mechanism, Mader added. Scientists also will be using magnetic resonance imaging and other tests to carefully assess astronauts’ vision and eye anatomy before and after missions.
David Robertson, who runs the Centre for Space Physiology and Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, in Nashville, Tennessee, said the extent of the eye changes was somewhat surprising.
However, he added, it’s well-known that astronauts experience swelling in the face in space, as evidenced by in-flight pictures. “There are more changes in the eyes that I might have expected, but I would imagine that the increased head-ward movement of fluid during travel in space, together with the puffiness of the face and facial tissues likely also affects the eye,” Robertson said.
So far, studies of astronauts have found no permanent adverse effects on human health from long-term space missions, Robertson said.
Any mission to, say, Mars, likely would require at least 2.5 to 3 years, he added. However, no one has spent that long in space continuously.
The record for the most time spent in space in a single mission is held by Valeri Polyakov, who spent 437.7 days in 1994 and 1995 aboard the Russian Mir spacecraft while orbiting the earth more than 7,000 times.